Recent advances in nanomedicine strategies for nervous system injuries biomolecular regeneration

• The manuscript reviews cutting-edge nanomedicine strategies for repairing nervous system injuries. • It explores injury mechanisms and therapeutic targets to enhance neural regeneration. • Diverse nanomaterials are highlighted for their unique repair capabilities. • Clinical applications demonstrate promising therapeutic potential. • Challenges focus on multifunctional and personalized nanomedicine solutions. Nervous system injuries, encompassing spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, and traumatic brain injury, represent a formidable challenge to global healthcare systems owing to their intricate pathophysiological mechanisms and the inherently restricted regenerative potential of neural tissues. Recent advancements in nanomedicine have opened exciting possibilities for developing novel therapeutic strategies to promote neural repair and regeneration. This review summarizes the recent progress in the application of regenerative nanomedicine for nervous system injury repair, including promoting neurogenesis and axonal growth, modulating inflammation and glial scar formation, delivering anti-inflammatory agents, modulating the immune response, providing structural support and guidance, enabling electrical stimulation and sensing. We critically examine the challenges and prospects within this rapidly advancing field, highlighting the imperative for enhanced biocompatibility, comprehensive long-term safety evaluations, and the innovation of advanced nanomedicine with tailored properties. Notwithstanding these challenges, the integration of nanomedicine into therapeutic strategies offers transformative potential for addressing nervous system injuries, heralding a new era in patient care with the prospect of significantly enhancing functional recovery and quality of life.