A protocol for assessing smallholder farmers’ climate resilience: A guidance for researchers to construct a robust multidimensional domain

In recent years, the theoretical frameworks on climate resilience of smallholder farmers have continued to develop. This has encouraged the emergence of a variety of domains, indicators, and items. Meanwhile, inappropriate construct domains, indicators, and items can lead to biased research findings. Therefore, developing a robust construct domain, indicators, and items requires a clear, easily understood, and statistically accountable protocol. This protocol emphasizes the formation of a framework for conducting a statistical approach to assess smallholder farmers' climate resilience.