Nucleon decays into three leptons: contact contributions

A bstract Baryon number violating (BNV) nucleon decays into three leptons provide a unique probe of BNV interactions beyond the conventional two-body modes involving a single lepton and a light meson. In a previous work [Nucleon decays into three leptons: noncontact contributions, arXiv:2512.02692.], two of us analyzed the noncontact contributions to these decays arising from dimension-6 (dim-6) operators within the low-energy effective field theory (LEFT), and found that they are severely suppressed due to stringent constraints on these dim-6 operators. In this work, we continue this endeavor by systematically investigating the contact contributions originating from dim-9 LEFT operators. We construct a complete basis of dim-9 operators relevant to these processes, and subsequently match them onto chiral perturbation theory to calculate their decay widths. By employing existing experimental data, we derive stringent constraints on the relevant operators. In addition, we present the analysis of an ultraviolet-complete model to demonstrate its connection with our theoretical framework, thereby facilitating further studies of these exotic nucleon decays in upcoming neutrino experiments with large fiducial masses.

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Publication Details

Journal
Journal of High Energy Physics
Published
2026-05-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep05(2026)151
Primary Topic
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Type
preprint
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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preprint

Nucleon decays into three leptons: contact contributions

Xiang Zhao, Xiao-Dong Ma, Yi Liao
Journal of High Energy Physics
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
preprint

Nucleon decays into three leptons: contact contributions

Xiang Zhao, Xiao-Dong Ma, Yi Liao
preprint en

Abstract

A bstract Baryon number violating (BNV) nucleon decays into three leptons provide a unique probe of BNV interactions beyond the conventional two-body modes involving a single lepton and a light meson. In a previous work [Nucleon decays into three leptons: noncontact contributions, arXiv:2512.02692.], two of us analyzed the noncontact contributions to these decays arising from dimension-6 (dim-6) operators within the low-energy effective field theory (LEFT), and found that they are severely suppressed due to stringent constraints on these dim-6 operators. In this work, we continue this endeavor by systematically investigating the contact contributions originating from dim-9 LEFT operators. We construct a complete basis of dim-9 operators relevant to these processes, and subsequently match them onto chiral perturbation theory to calculate their decay widths. By employing existing experimental data, we derive stringent constraints on the relevant operators. In addition, we present the analysis of an ultraviolet-complete model to demonstrate its connection with our theoretical framework, thereby facilitating further studies of these exotic nucleon decays in upcoming neutrino experiments with large fiducial masses.

Journal of High Energy PhysicsVol. 2026(5)
South China Normal University (CN), Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 96%
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
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Nucleon decays into three leptons: contact contributions — Xiang Zhao, Xiao-Dong Ma, et al. · Journal of High Energy Physics (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS