Integrated Evaluation of Contaminant Profiles, Detection Techniques, and Management Strategies for Tannery Sludge

ABSTRACT This review article critically examines the environmental and health hazards of tannery sludge (TS), a complex by‐product of the leather tanning industry. TS is characterized by a diverse array of contaminants, including heavy metals like chromium, organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and various pathogens. The study delves into TS's composition, highlighting the impact of different stages of the leather tanning process on its intricate make‐up. Focusing on the environmental behavior of TS, the paper outlines the pathways of entry, persistence, transport, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of these contaminants. It emphasizes the serious risks these substances pose to soil and water quality, air pollution, ecosystem health, and human well‐being. The need for advanced analytical techniques for detecting and monitoring these contaminants is underscored, along with an acknowledgment of the limitations of current methodologies. The review calls for comprehensive research to address gaps in understanding the long‐term effects and interactions of TS contaminants. It advocates for standardized methods in sampling and analysis and the development of thorough risk assessment models. The importance of stricter regulatory measures and sustainable industry practices is highlighted. The paper concludes by advocating for increased stakeholder awareness and a multidisciplinary approach to TS management. This review serves as a crucial guide for researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals in mitigating the environmental and health impacts of TS.