Distinct innate immune activation profiles of an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine compared to the empty lipid nanoparticle

This study defines the innate immune responses induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine formulation LNP and mRNA-LNP. Upregulation of proteins that support antigen presentation and communication with lymphocytes on monocytes and B cells were reflective of LNP and mRNA-LNP stimulation. Cytokine production was relatively modest with GM-CSF and IL-10 predominating. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying immune responses to mRNA-LNP vaccine components.