National Chemical Societies and the Formation of Early Global Networks, ca. 1890–1914

Historians suggesting an early phase of globalisation in the decades before the First World War have pointed to new specialist learned societies as among the agents in the process. This paper explores the international dimensions of national chemical societies in this era of empires. During the nineteenth century, national chemical societies were established in many countries. Four of the earliest and largest - the [British] Chemical Society (founded 1841), the <i>Société Chimique de France</i> (1857), the <i>Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft</i> (1867), and the American Chemical Society (1876) - recruited numerous members living abroad, so that, by the early twentieth century, such "extra-national" members - members, that is, who lived outside the state in which the society was based - constituted a substantial share of their memberships. Our paper examines this phenomenon. It argues that an analysis of extra-national members can help us chart the spread of chemistry around the globe. It considers whether the extra-national memberships of these chemical societies can be seen as constituting early, overlapping global networks of individuals, based on their common membership of leading societies.