Graphene Oxide-Based Materials for the Remediation of Neurotoxic Organophosphates

Graphene oxide (GO), with its unique surface chemistry, adjustable oxidation degree, and large specific surface area, has emerged as a highly promising platform for environmental remediation. Among hazardous contaminants, organophosphates pose a significant global concern due to their persistence, high toxicity, and widespread presence in aquatic systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the synthesis and functionalization of GO and GO-based composites specifically tailored for organophosphate removal. Particular emphasis is placed on strategies that optimize GO surface chemistry, defect engineering, and porosity control, which are critical determinants of adsorption efficiency and selectivity. In addition to its sorptive role, GO’s role in photocatalytic and electrochemical degradation of organophosphates is discussed, demonstrating its multifunctionality as both an adsorbent and a catalytic support. Finally, challenges related to scalability, regeneration, and environmental safety of GO-based systems are examined, along with perspectives for future research aimed at developing sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly technologies to mitigate the risks associated with neurotoxic organophosphates.