Bacterial pathogens in fish and aquaculture systems in Kenya

The rising global demand for high-quality animal protein has driven the rapid expansion of aquaculture, which is now responsible for 51% of global fish production. However, intensive fish farming has led to the emergence and spread of bacterial pathogens that threaten fish health and raise serious concerns for food safety and public health. Bacterial infections in aquaculture contribute to an estimated USD 6 billion in annual global economic losses. In Kenya, the burden is particularly acute, with bacterial diseases accounting for approximately 76.1% of aquaculture-related losses. This review consolidates the fragmented scientific literature on the most significant bacterial pathogens affecting food fish and culture systems in Kenya, aiming to inform strategies that enhance fish product safety and aquaculture resilience. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across five databases—ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and FAO’s Aquatic Animal Health Database. The review identifies key bacterial species, their clinical manifestations, regional distribution, and the fish species affected. By profiling these pathogens and their impacts, the review provides actionable insights for policymakers, researchers, and fish farmers. To mitigate disease burden and further spread, the review recommends implementing robust biosecurity measures, including equipment disinfection, cohort quarantine, pathogen-free diets, farmer training, and routine microbiological surveillance. These interventions are essential for limiting pathogen spread, improving fish health, and safeguarding consumer safety. Ultimately, this work supports broader goals of sustainable fisheries, poverty alleviation, and global food security through improved ecosystem management and public health protection.