Antibiotic Resistance in Dentistry: A Review

<b>Background:</b> The widespread use of antibiotics in dentistry has become a significant driver of the global rise in antibiotic resistance, posing serious risks to both oral and overall health. <b>Objectives:</b> This study aims to review antibiotic use in dentistry, elucidates the mechanisms of resistance development, identifies contributing factors, and discusses strategies to mitigate this growing global health threat. <b>Methods:</b> This narrative review examines current patterns of antibiotic prescribing in dentistry and evaluates evidence showing that antibiotics, although essential for preventing and managing odontogenic infections, are often prescribed unnecessarily or inappropriately. <b>Results:</b> The analysis highlights the growing resistance of key oral pathogens such as <i>Streptococcus</i> spp., <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, and <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, which increasingly limits the effectiveness of conventional treatments. Factors contributing to this trend include inconsistent adherence to clinical guidelines, patient pressure, and insufficient awareness of antibiotics stewardship among dental professionals. To address these challenges, the review emphasizes the importance of evidence-based prescription, strengthened stewardship programs, and the development of alternative therapies, including host-modulating agents and bacteriophage applications. Ongoing education and professional development are equally vital to enhance clinical judgment and promote responsible prescribing habits. <b>Conclusions:</b> Overcoming antibiotic resistance in dentistry requires coordinated effort among clinicians, researchers, educators, and policymakers. Expanding surveillance, enforcing stewardship-driven policies, and supporting innovation in therapeutic research are key to reducing antibiotic misuse and preserving their effectiveness. Through collective commitment and informed practice, the dental profession can play a crucial role in protecting antibiotic efficacy and promoting sustainable, high-quality patient care.