THE DUAL EFFECT OF CADMIUM IN ASTROCYTE PHYSIOLOGY: FROM ADAPTIVE ACTIVATION TO POTENTIAL NEUROTOXICITY

serious risk to human health due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxic effects on various organs and systems. Among them, cadmium (Cd) is of particular concern for its widespread presence in industrial and consumer products, including pesticides, plastics, pigments, and cigarette smoke. However, the early effects of low-dose Cd exposure on human astrocytes remain poorly defined. Astrocytes play a crucial role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis, providing metabolic and structural support to neurons, regulating synaptic activity, and preserving blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. In this study, we investigated the impact of Cd acetate (CdAc) on astrocyte viability, migration and activation. The human astrocytic SVGp12 cell line was exposed to increasing concentrations of CdAc (0.1-100 μM) for increasing time 6-48 h. Preliminary results showed that 24 h exposure to 1 μM CdAc induced a significant 10% increase in cell viability compared to untreated astrocytes. In addition, a 30% increase in cell migration was also observed in CdAc-treated cells (1 μM, 24 h) compared to the control, as revealed by wound healing assay. In accordance, CdAc exposure (1 μM, 24 h) induced cytoskeletal rearrangement consistent with a motile phenotype, as demonstrated by F-actin immuno-fluorescence analysis. Moreover, the expression of the astrocyte markers GFAP and S100β was also significantly increased after CdAc exposure (1 μM, 24 h), indicating an early astrocyte activation. In contrast, higher CdAc concentrations (≥5 μM) reduced viability, impaired migration and induced morphological features of cytotoxicity in human astrocytes. In conclusion, our findings indicate that subtoxic Cd exposure may induce an early astrogliosis, affecting migratory ability, viability and activation of human astrocytes. This reactive state may contribute to neuroinflammatory processes and BBB dysfunction, highlighting the potential impact of low environmental Cd levels on CNS homeostasis. This work was supported by #NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU) and funded by the Ministry of University and Research (MUR), National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), project MNESYS (PE0000006) – A Multiscale integrated approach to the study of the nervous system in health and disease (DR. 1553 11.10.2022).