Bridging the Digital Divide: Enhancing Digital Inclusion of Blind or Partially Sighted and Deaf or Hard of Hearing Individuals in Low- and Middle-Income Countries through Smartphones as Assistive Technology

In this study, we developed a two-day scaffolded digital skills training intervention for mobile literacy for people who are blind or partially sighted (BPS) and deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) across three research settings: Brazil, India, and Kenya. Using an adapted Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire (MDPQ) administered at pre- and post-intervention, we measured the impact of the digital skills training intervention on the perceived proficiency in smartphone use. We recruited 395 participants (BPS = 208, DHH = 187), who undertook the 2-day training and used the smartphone as assistive technology (AT) for 6 months. Through post-intervention interviews, we explored the participants’ experience of the training and of using the smartphone as an AT. Our findings reveal a significant impact of digital skill training on participants’ digital literacy and self-efficacy in using smartphones as AT in everyday settings. We also discuss the need for adaptive, ability-based design approaches to improve the learning experience and digital literacy of BPS or DHH individuals in low- and middle-income countries.