A Six-Tap iToF Imager with Wide Signal Intensity Range Using Linearization of Linear–Logarithmic Response

Time-of-flight (ToF) image sensors must operate across a wide span of reflected-light intensities, from weak diffuse reflections to extremely strong retroreflections. We present a signal-intensity range-extension technique that linearizes the linear-logarithmic (Lin-Log) pixel response for short-pulse multi-tap indirect ToF (iToF) sensors. Per-pixel two-region (2R) and three-region (3R) models covering the linear, transition, and logarithmic regimes are derived and used to recover a near-linear signal. Compared with a two-region approach that does not linearize the transition region, the 3R method substantially improves linearity near the knee point if extremely high linearity is required. Experiments with a six-tap iToF imager validate the approach. Depth imaging shows that linearization with common parameters reduces average error but leaves pixel-wise deviations, whereas pixel-wise 3R linearization yields accurate and stable results. Range measurements with a retroreflective target moved from 1.8-13.0 m in 0.20 m steps and achieved centimeter-level resolution and reduced the linearity-error bound from ±6.7%FS to ±1.5%FS. Residual periodic deviations are attributed to small pulse-width mismatches between the illumination and demodulation gates. These results demonstrate that Lin-Log pixels, combined with pixel-wise three-region linearization, enable robust ToF sensing over an extended dynamic range suitable for practical environments with large reflectance variations.