Metabolic Engineering Strategy for Bacillus subtilis Producing MK-7

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is an important bioactive form of vitamin K₂ that inhibits vascular calcification, maintains systemic calcium homeostasis, demonstrates high bioavailability, and possesses an extended plasma half-life. <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> naturally possesses the complete biosynthetic pathway for MK-7, benefits from a well-characterized genetic background and advanced genome-editing tools, and is regarded as a safe and efficient microbial chassis for industrial MK-7 fermentation. This review summarizes recent advances in the metabolic engineering of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> for high-level MK-7 production, highlights pathway analyses, and discusses engineering strategies targeting four key modules: substrate utilization, secretion, spore/biofilm formation, and oxidative-stress defense.