Revealing the topological nature of entangled orbital angular momentum states of light

Topology has emerged as a fundamental property of many systems yet mostly limited to low dimensions. Here, we reveal the hidden topology in entangled states carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), in arbitrary dimensions. For two-dimensional systems, we demonstrate multiple skyrmion topologies and their equivalence to 't Hooft-Polyakov magnetic monopoles, experimentally connecting them to the Higgs field. In higher dimensions, we use non-Abelian gauge fields of SU(d) Yang-Mills theory to predict a rich tapestry of topological maps and their invariants, which we confirm experimentally for dimensionality up to seven, showing an underlying topology of 48 dimensions and a topological spectrum spanning over 17000 invariants. In addition to inducing robustness to perturbation, the topological spectrum enables probing them, by observing their emergent signatures in its non-topological spaces. The only degree of freedom we use to construct the topology is OAM, breaking away from the optical paradigm of polarisation-based spin-textured fields and forgoing the need for quantum state engineering. Our theoretical framework can be extrapolated to any dimension and degree of freedom, opening a distinct path for finding topologies in light.

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Publication Details

Journal
Nature Communications
Published
2025-12-12
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66066-3
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.49
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article

Revealing the topological nature of entangled orbital angular momentum states of light

B. Lu, Andrew Forbes, Isaac M. Nape, Pedro Ornelas et al.
2 citations
Nature Communications
Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
2.49
article

Revealing the topological nature of entangled orbital angular momentum states of light

B. Lu, Andrew Forbes, Isaac M. Nape, Pedro Ornelas, Robert de Mello Koch, Neelan Gounden
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Topology has emerged as a fundamental property of many systems yet mostly limited to low dimensions. Here, we reveal the hidden topology in entangled states carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), in arbitrary dimensions. For two-dimensional systems, we demonstrate multiple skyrmion topologies and their equivalence to 't Hooft-Polyakov magnetic monopoles, experimentally connecting them to the Higgs field. In higher dimensions, we use non-Abelian gauge fields of SU(d) Yang-Mills theory to predict a rich tapestry of topological maps and their invariants, which we confirm experimentally for dimensionality up to seven, showing an underlying topology of 48 dimensions and a topological spectrum spanning over 17000 invariants. In addition to inducing robustness to perturbation, the topological spectrum enables probing them, by observing their emergent signatures in its non-topological spaces. The only degree of freedom we use to construct the topology is OAM, breaking away from the optical paradigm of polarisation-based spin-textured fields and forgoing the need for quantum state engineering. Our theoretical framework can be extrapolated to any dimension and degree of freedom, opening a distinct path for finding topologies in light.

Nature CommunicationsVol. 16(1)
University of the Witwatersrand (ZA), Huzhou Normal University (CN), National Institute for Theoretical Physics (ZA)
Openalex Percentile: Top 9%
Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
2.49
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Revealing the topological nature of entangled orbital angular momentum states of light — B. Lu, Andrew Forbes, et al. · Nature Communications (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS