Advancement in microbes assisted phytoremediation of air pollutants

Abstract Air pollution remains one of the most pressing global challenges, with severe impacts on human health, ecosystems, and climate stability. Conventional control technologies such as scrubbers, filters, and catalytic converters, although effective, are energy-intensive, costly, and often generate secondary pollutants. In recent years, microbe-assisted phytoremediation has emerged as a sustainable, nature-based alternative, integrating the detoxifying ability of plants with the metabolic versatility of microbes. This review highlights recent advancements in microbial strategies that enhance phytoremediation efficiency, including phytoextraction, phytodegradation, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilization of major airborne contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and particulate matter. We compile evidence from recent studies (2020–2024) on plant–microbe partnerships, microbial enzymatic pathways, and biotechnological innovations such as engineered strains and microbial fuel cells. Unlike earlier reviews, this work emphasizes the novelty of integrating green architecture (e.g., green roofs and living walls) with microbial consortia for improved urban air quality. By identifying current limitations and outlining future research opportunities, this chapter demonstrates the transformative potential of microbe-assisted phytoremediation as a cornerstone of sustainable air pollution management.