Free Probability Theory over the Scaled Hyperbolic Numbers

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a notion of free probability over the scaled hyperbolic numbers. Scaled hypercomplex numbers $$\left\{ \mathbb {D}_{t}\right\} _{t\in \mathbb {R}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> are constructed as sub-structures of scaled hypercomplex numbers $$\left\{ \mathbb {H}_{t}\right\} _{t\in \mathbb {R}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> under the scales (or, the moments) of the set $$\mathbb {R}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:math> of real numbers. We show that if $$t&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then the classical free probability theory covers our free probability on $$\left\{ \mathbb {D}_{t}\right\} _{t&lt;0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ; if $$t&gt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then our free probability on $$\left\{ \mathbb {D}_{t}\right\} _{t&gt;0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is represented by the free probability over the classical hyperbolic numbers $$\mathcal {D}=\mathbb {D}_{1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ; and if $$t=0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then the free probability on $$\mathbb {D}_{0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is actually over the dual numbers $$\textbf{D}=\mathbb {D}_{0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Since the usual free probability theory is over $$\mathbb {C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:math> , we here concentrate on establishing our free probability theory on $$\mathcal {D}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> </mml:math> , or that on $$\textbf{D}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML

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Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras
Published
2025-12-12
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s00006-025-01427-1
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Mathematical and Theoretical Analysis
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article

Free Probability Theory over the Scaled Hyperbolic Numbers

Daniel Alpay, Ilwoo Cho
Advances in Applied Clifford Algebras
Mathematical and Theoretical Analysis
article

Free Probability Theory over the Scaled Hyperbolic Numbers

Daniel Alpay, Ilwoo Cho
article en

Abstract

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a notion of free probability over the scaled hyperbolic numbers. Scaled hypercomplex numbers $$\left\{ \mathbb {D}_{t}\right\} _{t\in \mathbb {R}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> are constructed as sub-structures of scaled hypercomplex numbers $$\left\{ \mathbb {H}_{t}\right\} _{t\in \mathbb {R}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> under the scales (or, the moments) of the set $$\mathbb {R}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:math> of real numbers. We show that if $$t&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then the classical free probability theory covers our free probability on $$\left\{ \mathbb {D}_{t}\right\} _{t&lt;0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> ; if $$t&gt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then our free probability on $$\left\{ \mathbb {D}_{t}\right\} _{t&gt;0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is represented by the free probability over the classical hyperbolic numbers $$\mathcal {D}=\mathbb {D}_{1}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ; and if $$t=0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , then the free probability on $$\mathbb {D}_{0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> is actually over the dual numbers $$\textbf{D}=\mathbb {D}_{0}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Since the usual free probability theory is over $$\mathbb {C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:math> , we here concentrate on establishing our free probability theory on $$\mathcal {D}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> </mml:math> , or that on $$\textbf{D}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML

Advances in Applied Clifford AlgebrasVol. 36(1)
Chapman University (US), Saint Ambrose University (US)
Openalex Percentile: Top 56%
Mathematical and Theoretical Analysis
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