Sustainability outcomes of sand and stone mining practices in peri-urban Ghana

Sand and stones are essential natural resources in our modern world. However, the mining practices of these materials raise concerns about environmental sustainability, especially in peri-urban areas in developing cities. We draw on the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Framework to understand the dynamics of sand and stone mining practices and the sustainability outcomes on peri-urban landscapes. The study adopted the mixed-methods approach involving 324 sand and stone miners and 24 relevant stakeholders (key informants) from Wa, Ghana. The data were gathered using questionnaires, in-depth interview guides, and a camera. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse survey data and interview responses, respectively. The findings show that the actors involved in the sand and stone mining industry are miners, tipper truck operators, and landowners, largely driven by limited livelihood opportunities and an increasing demand for construction materials. The mining activities have led to land degradation and water pollution, and health hazards, a process that may stifle the aspiration of creating inclusive, safe, and sustainable cities as enshrined in SDG 11. Hence, we implore community leaders to work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Metropolitan Assembly to develop guidelines aimed at ensuring responsible sand and stone mining and environmental protection.