Addressing interregional inequality with Chinese characteristics? The Mountain–Sea Collaboration model in Zhejiang

Interregional inequality remains a persistent and pressing global challenge, yet scholarly attention has predominantly focused on its spatial configurations, underlying drivers, and socio-economic consequences, with comparatively limited emphasis on viable institutional solutions. This paper examines the Mountain–Sea Collaboration (MSC) model in Zhejiang Province, China, as an experimental institutional arrangement aimed at mitigating interregional disparities. Drawing on in-depth interviews with key stakeholders involved in the MSC initiative, the study traces the evolution of collaborative mechanisms between the paired cities of Hangzhou and Quzhou. The analysis reveals that the effectiveness of the MSC model is underpinned by multi-scalar coordination and institutional innovation, facilitated by a form of local state entrepreneurialism operating within a hierarchical governance context. These factors collectively enable the efficient reallocation of resources across regional boundaries. The findings suggest the need for new approaches in addition to conventional, static perspectives to interregional collaboration, advocating instead for flexible, multi-scalar institutional configurations that promote resource-sharing between economically asymmetric regions. The paper concludes by considering the broader applicability of this “China experience” for policymakers in other national contexts.