Phytochemical profiling and functional evaluation of botanical extracts for herbicidal and growth-promoting activities

Weed management remains a major challenge in organic and natural farming, where synthetic herbicides are avoided. In this study, extracts of three botanicals Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Lantana camara (LC) and Mangifera indica (MI) were prepared using cow urine and water to explore their potential as natural herbicides. Metabolomic and mineral analyses revealed distinct chemical profiles, with cow urine extraction enhancing the release of bioactive compounds and nutrients. Weed suppression efficiency (WSE) showed a clear dose-dependent response, with the cow urine extract of CC (CCCU) achieving the highest activity (up to 31.89 %), outperforming water-based extracts and other botanicals. The superior performance of CCCU was linked to its higher phenolic and flavonoid content. Although less potent than synthetic herbicides, these botanicals offer dual benefits of weed suppression and nutrient enrichment, highlighting their potential role in sustainable and eco-friendly farming practices.