Microbiological quality of drinking water from water dispensers

The consumption of drinking water from sources other than tap water, such as bottled water or water dispenser (WD) machines, is increasing worldwide, driven by consumer preferences for health, convenience, and taste. This trend raises concerns about potential microbial contamination and associated public health risks. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively analyze the scientific literature on microbial contamination in water dispenser machines, evaluate the quality of dispensed water, identify sources of contamination and potential health implications, and propose solutions to mitigate these risks. We conducted a comprehensive search of scientific databases, including PubMed, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, using relevant keywords related to water dispenser contamination. Abstracts and methods of identified studies were critically appraised to ensure rigorous assessment of microbial contamination. Our analysis of approximately 70 studies revealed that despite consumer perceptions of health benefits, water dispenser machines can harbor higher levels of microbial contamination than the tap water sources supplying them. This review underscores the potential public health risks associated with water dispenser use, and highlights the need for increased vigilance, regular maintenance, and further research to ensure the safety of dispensed water.