Recent advancements in drug nanocrystals: Innovation in formulation and drug delivery

Drug nanocrystals typically range in size smaller than 100 nm and have been used to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of various poorly water-soluble drugs, also enabling controlled release and specific drug delivery. They present several advantages, including high drug loading capacity and rapid dissolution, leading to quick absorption. Recent advances in the manufacturing of nanocrystals have emerged beyond traditional bottom-up and top-down methods. However, they have limitations, such as poor stability and safety concerns, that still need to be further explored. This review not only summarizes nanocrystal production and applications but also critically evaluates translational challenges, regulatory complexities, and emerging tools such as AI-enabled formulation design and personalized nanomedicine. Hence, this review will provide a detailed explanation of the various modifications carried out in the process of manufacturing drug nanocrystals, with their characterization and applications in drug delivery.