Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) and its composites for heavy metal removal from water: A comprehensive review

The removal of heavy metals from wastewater presents a significant environmental challenge because these contaminants can have serious effects on human health and ecosystems. This study assesses the effectiveness of various adsorption materials, focusing particularly on nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp), known for its biocompatibility, stability, and sorption capacity. nHAp and its composites has been shown in numerous studies to remove toxic heavy metal ions from water. The adsorption process is influenced by key parameters, including temperature and pH, which can affect the performance of the material. This study provides valuable insights (from 2018 to 2024) into the mechanisms and conditions that optimize the removal of heavy metal ions, highlighting the potential of nHAP as a sustainable solution for water treatment. • Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp)- a sustainable solution for wastewater problem. • Natural or synthetic tailored-composites with enhanced performance. • Efficiently removes heavy metals through multiple mechanisms.