Propagation of massless particles around a BTZ-ModMax black hole

We investigate the deflection of light around a BTZ-ModMax black hole, focusing on the influence of the ModMax parameter and the cosmological constant. The trajectories of massless particles are explored through an analysis of null geodesics, providing deeper insights into the gravitational lensing effects in this modified black hole geometry. Using the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, we derive the deflection angle of light and provide a detailed examination of how the ModMax parameter and the cosmological constant impact the bending of light. Furthermore, we compare the deflection results obtained for the BTZ-ModMax black hole with those of the charged and static BTZ black hole solution, highlighting key differences and insights into the role of nonlinear electrodynamics in the gravitational lensing phenomena. This study provides valuable insights into the deflection of light in modified black hole solutions within the framework of lower-dimensional geometry, highlighting the complex relationship between nonlinear dynamics and spacetime curvature.