Ground-based travel to European academic events as an alternative to air travel: Estimating associated greenhouse gas emissions, time and cost

The potential to minimise travel-related, event-driven GHGe is driven by the distance from the participants' departing cities to arrival venue, and the number of participants who live within 1000 kms and/or one day's travel time by ground-based means. The ability to realise these GHGe reductions will depend on the extent to which eligible event participants may choose to shift from aviation to ground-based alternatives, driven by their capabilities to navigate such journeys (that may be more complex), and their motivation, which might be enhanced through financial incentives where ground-based transportation is more expensive.