Foundations of the Ionization Potential Condition for Localized Electron Removal in Density Functional Theory

Optimal tuning of functional parameters in density functional theory approximations, based on enforcing the ionization potential theorem, is a method of choice for the nonempirical prediction of the electronic structure of finite systems. This method has recently been extended to the bulk limit, based on an ansatz that generalizes the ionization potential theorem to the removal of an electron from a localized Wannier orbital. This Wannier-localization-based optimal tuning method has been shown to be highly successful for a wide range of periodic systems, accurately predicting electronic and optical properties. However, a rigorous theoretical justification for its foundational ansatz has been lacking. Here, we establish an ionization potential condition for the removal of an electron from a Wannier-localized orbital, by extending the piecewise linearity and Janak's theorems in density functional theory. We also provide numerical evidence supporting our theory.