Advances in Kaempferol: Extraction, Biosynthesis, and Application with Antibacterial Agents

The spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria around the world is rising, and new antibiotics are urgently needed to address the drug resistance crisis. Natural products have become a focal point in the research and development of antibacterial drugs, owing to their structural diversity and biological activity. Kaempferol, in particular, exhibits a range of biological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities, and holds potential for application across various domains. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the extraction, biosynthesis, and antibacterial activity of kaempferol, as well as to elucidate its antibacterial mechanisms. In addition, we also reviewed the synergistic combination of kaempferol with antibiotics, such as the combination of kaempferol with colistin or penicillin, which significantly improved their therapeutic effect. Finally, the preparation of kaempferol nanoparticles and their applications in antibacterial treatments were discussed.