Therapeutic Potential of Biodegradable Polycaprolactone Delivery Systems in Osteoarthritis: From Controlled Release to Joint Tissue Engineering

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disorder characterized by cartilage degradation, inflammation, and chronic pain, with limited therapeutic treatment options. Polycaprolactone (PCL), a synthetic aliphatic polyester approved by regulatory authorities such FDA. Due to its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical strength, it has achieved substantial interest in controlled drug delivery applications and tissue engineering. This review investigates the different applications of PCL based delivery systems including nanoparticles, nanofibers, hydrogels, and microparticles in OA therapy. PCL nanoparticles have been utilized for targeted and sustained intra-articular delivery of anti-inflammatory agents, growth factors, and antioxidants, effectively reducing inflammation and cartilage catabolism. Electrospun PCL nanofibers serve as scaffolds that not only provide structural support but also promote chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix synthesis, aiding in cartilage regeneration. Besides, PCL based hydrogels, often formulated as composites with bioactive molecules or natural polymers, offer injectable and stimuli responsive platforms for sustained therapeutic release and cellular encapsulation. Furthermore, PCL microparticles have been engineered to prolong intra-articular drug residence time, enhancing localized therapeutic effects while minimizing systemic toxicity. Collectively, these PCL based systems offer promising strategies for disease modification and symptomatic relief in OA, positioning PCL as a versatile and effective biomaterial for future translational applications in joint repair and regeneration.