A Multi-Criteria Performance Evaluation Framework for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Renewable-Driven Microgrids

This study presents a novel and comprehensive evaluation framework for comparing multiple energy storage configurations in microgrid environments, including Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESS), and Thermal Energy Storage (TES). Unlike previous works that assess storage technologies in isolation, this research introduces an integrated multi-criteria assessment combining dynamic performance, techno-economic indicators, and reliability metrics within a unified MATLAB-based simulation platform. The framework evaluates key parameters such as round-trip efficiency, power response time, cycle life, cost per delivered kWh, and DC bus voltage stability under fluctuating load and renewable input conditions. Numerical results show that the proposed HESS architecture improves transient voltage deviation by 38%, reduces peak power stress on the battery by 52%, and extends battery life by approximately 27% compared to standalone BESS. Additionally, hydrogen-based long-duration storage increases microgrid autonomy from 7.4 hours (BESS) to 21.6 hours, enhancing the grid independence index by 192%. TES integration further strengthens system stability by reducing load-shedding events by 31% and increasing thermal utilization efficiency to 84%. The findings confirm the superiority of hybrid and coordinated storage configurations over single-technology systems. While BESS ensures dependable baseline operation, HESS—particularly combinations of batteries with supercapacitors or hydrogen fuel cells—provides faster dynamic support, greater resilience, and improved overall reliability. TES complements these systems by enhancing long-duration energy transfer and contributing to efficient load balancing.