Infective endocarditis caused by <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> in an immunocompetent patient without structural heart disease or invasive procedures: case report and literature review

A literature review identified 22 published cases of <i>L. rhamnosus</i> endocarditis. Most were associated with underlying valvular disease, invasive procedures, or probiotic use. This case highlights the need to consider <i>Lactobacillus spp.</i> as a potential pathogen, not merely a contaminant, in the appropriate clinical context, and calls for careful patient selection and monitoring when prescribing probiotics.