Force variability of thoracic spine mobilization and manipulation delivered by experienced physiotherapists to healthy human volunteers and a manikin: an observational study

In this study force-time characteristics of MOB and MAN performed by experienced physiotherapists on the thoracic spine of a manikin were different from those delivered to healthy humans: the forces applied to the manikin were higher for all vignettes for both techniques. However, forces were modulated to the vignette, both on the human and manikin.