Inflammaging and Cardiovascular Risk in Old Women

Inflammaging is a chronic, low-grade inflammation that accompanies aging and contributes to the development of age-related diseases. Recent research has increasingly focused on its impact in women, recognizing that aging and inflammatory processes differ between sexes. Estrogens, known for their anti-inflammatory effects, offer protection during reproductive years. However, their decline during menopause and the climacteric period is linked to increased inflammation and a higher risk of chronic diseases such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, and arthritis. X-linked immune-related genes play a critical role in immune system regulation. Epigenetic changes associated with aging can affect the expression of inflammation-related genes, with hormonal and genetic differences contributing to sex-specific responses. Women generally exhibit stronger immune responses than men, which can enhance infection resistance but also increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and inflammaging. Lifestyle factors, including diet and physical activity, significantly influence inflammation. Due to metabolic differences, women may respond differently to these interventions. Postmenopausal women, for example, often exhibit higher levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are associated with elevated risks of cardiovascular and other age-related conditions. These findings suggest that strategies to reduce inflammation-such as anti-inflammatory diets or medications-should be tailored to the unique hormonal and physiological context of women. Understanding the distinct manifestations of inflammaging in women is essential for developing gender-specific approaches to promote healthier aging and reduce the burden of chronic disease in later life.