Phytochemical Screening and Comparative Study of the Antimicrobial Activity of n-Butanol and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of <i>Isoberlinia</i><i> </i><i>tomentosa</i> Ste

<i>Isoberlinia</i><i> </i><i>tomentosa</i>, a medicinal plant commonly found in the southern part of Borno State, Nigeria, has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including diarrhea, malaria, rheumatic fever, strep throat, urinary tract infections, vaginal yeast infections, and dysentery. This research aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of the ethyl acetate and n-butanol portions of <i>Isoberlinia</i><i> </i><i>tomentosa</i> stem bark extracts. The plant-based chemical analysis showed that the n-butanol portion contained flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, and carbohydrates. In contrast, the ethyl acetate portion contained tannins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardenolides, and cardiac glycosides, but no saponins were detected. Notably, anthraquinone glycosides and alkaloids were also not detected. The antimicrobial screening demonstrated that <i>Isoberlinia</i><i> </i><i>tomentosa</i> exhibited significant inhibitory activity against certain test organisms. Specifically, the ethyl acetate portion (500 mg/mL) showed pronounced inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi. and Staphylococcus aureus, Furthermore, the n-butanol portion (500 mg/mL) exhibited broad-spectrum inhibition against all tested bacteria and fungi, including Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli,, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. These results imply that the stem bark extract of <i>Isoberlinia</i><i> </i><i>tomentosa</i> has antibacterial and antifungal properties, affirming its historical application in treating various illnesses.