The people and folk themes in Beijing opera

This article presents a detailed analysis of the evolutionary development of Beijing opera, with particular attention to works where the central theme is the depiction of characters from lower social strata, who had previously not been adequately represented in the repertoire. As a result of the reforms carried out in the development of Beijing opera, significant changes occurred, expressed in the inclusion of "civilian protagonists" in the repertoire. These characters, thanks to their outstanding combat qualities and heroic deeds, became a significant part of theatrical heritage. Illustrative examples include the following works: "Zhu Sha Zhi" by Yu Zhi, "The Legend of the Red Lantern" by Wen Ouhun, "In the Dock" staged by the Shanghai troupe of Beijing opera, and "Shajieben" presented by the Beijing opera troupe. These works demonstrate the expansion of the thematic range of Beijing opera and reflect the process of integrating previously marginalized social groups into the cultural context. This article employs a cultural-historical method of research, which has allowed for the identification and documentation of the specific cultural contexts that determined the genre, stylistic, and artistic characteristics of operatic works in various historical periods. The novelty of this article lies in its exploration of the evolution of Beijing opera during the Qing Dynasty (1616–1911), when this genre reached its height and became one of the dominant forms of operatic art. During this period, particular attention was given to historical epics, heroic tales, and folk legends in the works of Beijing opera. The opera played an important role in the cultural and social life of feudal society, serving as a significant tool for entertainment and enlightenment. It contributed to the dissemination of traditional values such as loyalty, filial piety, righteousness, and honesty, as well as the maintenance of the existing social order. The article also examines the trajectory of the development of Beijing opera, focusing on works where the main characters are representatives of lower social classes, who were previously ignored or looked down upon. After the reform of Beijing opera, there was a significant change in the repertoire, where "civilian protagonists" came to the forefront, gaining widespread recognition for their combat qualities and heroism.