A Low-cost Smart Shoe Solution for Real-Time Obstacle Detection and Location Monitoring in Deafblind Users

This paper presents the design and development of a Smart Shoe System intended to assist deafblind individuals in navigating their surroundings safely and independently. The system integrates ultrasonic sensors, vibration motors, active buzzers, and a GPS module, all managed by an ESP32 microcontroller. Ultrasonic sensors continuously detect obstacles in the user’s path, while vibration and sound feedback provide real-time alerts to prevent collisions. The integrated GPS module enables real-time location tracking through a mobile application, allowing caregivers to monitor the user remotely. The system operates on rechargeable Li-ion batteries with a DC–DC buck converter ensuring stable power regulation. Experimental testing conducted in open, urban, and obstructed environments demonstrated approximately 92.4% obstacle detection accuracy and ±5 m GPS precision, confirming the system’s effectiveness in providing reliable environmental awareness and location monitoring. The proposed design is lightweight, portable, and energy-efficient, ensuring comfort and convenience for continuous daily use. This work contributes to the advancement of affordable and practical assistive technologies for deafblind individuals by combining real-time obstacle detection, dual feedback alerts, and GPS-based tracking. The ESP32 microcontroller provides flexibility for future enhancements such as Bluetooth connectivity or AI-assisted navigation. Overall, the Smart Shoe System offers a comprehensive, low-cost, and efficient solution that enhances safety, mobility, and independence for individuals with dual sensory impairments.