Frequency and determinants of hypoferritinemia without anemia among reproductive age women in Lahore: A cross-sectional study

Hypoferritinemia without anemia was prevalent among participants, with lethargy as the primary symptom. Residing in a rural area, being unemployed, use of medication, prolonged menstrual days, and poor dietary intake all significantly raised the risk of HWA. These results show that vulnerable groups need more targeted nutritional education, reproductive health awareness, and better access to health care.