Random sequential adsorption of Pickering particles onto spherical emulsion droplet surfaces

Pickering emulsions are attracting growing attention as carriers of active ingredients or micronutrients in pharmaceutical and food applications, due to their high stability and low toxicity. The adsorption process of Pickering particles significantly affects emulsion properties and can be described using the random sequential adsorption (RSA) approach. While most studies focus on small, amorphous, spherical particles, the common use of elongated, crystalline, micron-sized particles in Pickering emulsions makes it necessary to consider the curvature and finite size of emulsion droplet surfaces to correctly understand and predict the interfacial adsorption behavior. The present study employs a Monte Carlo (MC) method to simulate the RSA process of both spherical and elongated micron-sized particles. Key factors such as particle polydispersity, emulsion droplet-particle size ratio, contact angle, and particle number are investigated. From the MC simulations, a new expression for the available surface function, ASF(ϕ), with coverage-dependent exponent is proposed. Based on this, generalized coverage evolution models are established using response surface methodology to relate RSA conditions to ASF(ϕ) parameters. For spherical particles, jamming coverage and desorption energy under various conditions are reported. For capsule-shaped particles, an aspect ratio of ε=2 is found to yield higher coverage and faster adsorption. The proposed ASF(ϕ) expression outperforms existing fixed-exponent expressions. The generalized coverage evolution models show good agreement with MC testing simulations. The mean absolute percentage errors are less than 2.63% for spherical particles and 6.58% for elongated ones in the validation cases.