Inked in tradition: a environmental public health exploration of traditional indigenous tattoo methods in Canada

Traditional Indigenous tattooing in Canada – includes stick and poke, and skin stitching – represents an ongoing revival of cultural practices once suppressed by colonialism. While these techniques serve as powerful tools of identity, heritage, and healing within First Nations, Inuit, and Métis communities, they also present unique challenges from an environmental public health standpoint. This review explores the cultural resurgence of these practices alongside the potential health risks posed by their application, especially in informal or unregulated settings. Recommendations are provided for public health inspectors to engage respectfully and effectively with these communities while upholding safety standards.