Analysis of Spectral Remote Sensing Data for Geological Mapping of Rare Earth Elements (Case Study of the Kola Peninsula)

Rare earth elements (REEs) are strategically important components of modern industry; however, their exploration and extraction are complicated by the limited number of deposits and the difficulty of detection. This paper examines current approaches to the use of hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing data for REE mapping, including data processing methods, analysis of key spectral characteristics, and examples of successful applications. Special attention is given to adaptive cosine estimator. Using the Khibiny Massif as a case study, the significance of combining direct spectral indicators of REE-bearing minerals with indirect indicators related to metasomatic zoning is demonstrated. The results confirm the effectiveness of the integrated application of spectral methods and thematic classification for detecting REEs in the complex geological conditions of the Arctic zone.