Seroprevalence and risk factors of Brucella antibodies among patients seeking medical attention at health facilities in selected districts of Western Province in Zambia

Background: Brucellosis is a neglected zoonosis that impacts public health and livestock productivity. It is endemic in Zambia, particularly in regions with extensive livestock farming, such as the Western Province. Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies and identify risk factors for Brucella exposure among healthcare-seeking patients at health facilities in Western Province, Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 16 December 2022 to 31 December 2023 among 197 patients at health facilities in Mongu, Senanga, and Limulunga districts of Western Province. Serum samples were collected and tested for Brucella antibodies using the Rose Bengal test (RBT) and competitive-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. According to the serial interpretation of results, only sera that tested positive on RBT and competitive-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were considered positive. A structured questionnaire was used to gather epidemiological data. Results: Most study participants were women (55.8%), married (54.31%), and had a primary level of education (55.33%). There was a 4.57% seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies. Most participants (67.01%) were unaware that Brucella affects humans, and 91.88% lacked knowledge about its mode of transmission to humans. Multivariable logistic regression model showed that the number of animals kept was a statistically significant risk factor (p < 0.039) associated with human Brucella seropositivity. Conclusion: Brucella antibodies were detected among patients visiting health facilities in Western Province, Zambia. The number of animals kept was significantly associated with Brucella antibodies. What this study adds: This is the first study on the seroprevalence of Brucella antibodies in patients at health facilities in Zambia, addressing a research gap that has largely centred on livestock. This information will help to develop public health strategies for preventing and controlling human brucellosis intervention.