Structural and biological characterization of carbon–graphene biomaterials derived from black liquor with functional properties for bone tissue engineering
Carbon-based biomaterials are promising for the field of tissue bioengineering due to their biocompatibility, high porosity, and physicochemical properties that allow functionalization and combination with other materials. In this study, carbon derived from black liquor was used to develop bone grafts. This carbon matrix (CA) was associated with nanomaterials-graphene, graphene oxide, and nano-graphite (CAG, CAGO, and CANG, respectively)-for potential applications in the repair of orofacial malformations. The scaffolds were evaluated for biocompatibility and their effect on cell viability using mesenchymal stem cells, followed by implantation in 16 male Wistar rats with non-critical bone defects in both tibias. Histological analysis demonstrated that all scaffolds were biocompatible, with defects showing repair, osteoprogenitor cell presence, and vascular channel formation. Histomorphometric assessment of bone neoformation revealed the highest repair potential in the CAG group (89% at 30 days), while the other groups showed similar bone formation: CA = 72%, CAGO = 69%, and CANG = 80%. All scaffolds promoted bone tissue formation, with the carbon-graphene scaffold yielding the greatest percentage of new bone.
Authors
- Daniel Navarro da Rocha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2413-345X)
- José Ricardo Muniz Ferreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-5623)
- Danyela Cardoso Carvalho
- Reza Jarrahy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2518-4697)
- Gisèle Amaral-Labat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-6119)
- Daniela Franco Bueno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5932-6134)
- Patrícia de Almeida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6738-094X)
- Gustavo Achoa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0234-921X)
- Guilherme Frederico Bernardo Lenz e Silva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1184-5271)
- Taro Inagaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-8037)
- Akishige Hokugo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-3364)
- Rodrigo Labat Marcos
- Mariáh Cationi Hirata
- Marilia Lucas Siena Del-Bel
Institutions
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein (BR)
- Universidade Nove de Julho (BR)
- Military Institute of Engineering (BR)
- Universidade Politecnica (MZ)
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês (BR)
- Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões (BR)
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (BR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2025-12-10
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-29606-x
- Primary Topic
- Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
- Universidade de São Paulo