Bidirectional Microwave-Optical Conversion with an Integrated Soft-Ferroelectric Barium Titanate Transducer

Efficient, low-noise, and high-bandwidth transduction between optical and microwave photons is key to long-range quantum communication between distant superconducting quantum processors. Recent demonstrations of microwave-optical transduction using the broadband direct electro-optic (Pockels) effect in optical thin films made of AlN or <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mrow> <a:msub> <a:mrow> <a:mi>LiNbO</a:mi> </a:mrow> <a:mrow> <a:mn>3</a:mn> </a:mrow> </a:msub> </a:mrow> </a:math> have shown promise. To improve efficiency and added noise, materials with larger Pockels coefficients, such as the soft ferroelectrics <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <c:mrow> <c:msub> <c:mrow> <c:mi>BaTiO</c:mi> </c:mrow> <c:mrow> <c:mn>3</c:mn> </c:mrow> </c:msub> </c:mrow> </c:math> or <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <e:mrow> <e:msub> <e:mrow> <e:mi>SrTiO</e:mi> </e:mrow> <e:mrow> <e:mn>3</e:mn> </e:mrow> </e:msub> </e:mrow> </e:math> , are needed. However, these materials require adapted designs and fabrication approaches due to their nonlinear and, in some cases, hysteretic electro-optic response. Here, we engineer an on-chip, triply resonant transducer comprising low-loss <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <g:mrow> <g:msub> <g:mrow> <g:mi>BaTiO</g:mi> </g:mrow> <g:mrow> <g:mn>3</g:mn> </g:mrow> </g:msub> </g:mrow> </g:math> -on- <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <i:mrow> <i:msub> <i:mrow> <i:mi>SiO</i:mi> </i:mrow> <i:mrow> <i:mn>2</i:mn> </i:mrow> </i:msub> </i:mrow> </i:math> waveguides monolithically integrated with a superconducting microwave resonator made of Nb. We demonstrate bidirectional microwave-optical transduction and reach total off-chip efficiencies of <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <k:mn>1</k:mn> <k:mo>×</k:mo> <k:msup> <k:mn>10</k:mn> <k:mrow> <k:mo>−</k:mo> <k:mn>6</k:mn> </k:mrow> </k:msup> </k:math> using pulsed pumping. The device design permits poling of the ferroelectric material without introducing excess microwave loss, exploiting superconducting air bridges fabricated using only subtractive patterning steps. In addition, we investigate optically induced heating, revealing fast thermalization and quasiparticle resilience of the microwave resonator. Our transducer concept and fabrication process are applicable to other materials with a large bias-induced Pockels effect like <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <m:mrow> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi>SrTiO</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mn>3</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msub> </m:mrow> </m:math> and pave the way for efficient, low-power quantum interconnects.