A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Carbon Dioxide Removal and Utilization Techniques

The escalating threat of climate change demands urgent action to address rising levels of atmospheric CO2. This article reviews reactive CO2 removal and utilization techniques, including chemical, electrochemical, mineralization, carbonation, photo-catalysis, biological, and membrane separation methods. It examines their classification, mechanisms, technological advancements, integration with renewable energy, and related economic and policy frameworks, providing insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry experts. The review aims to offer valuable insights to researchers, policymakers, and industry specialists in the field of climate change, providing a detailed summary of the current state of CDR and CDU technologies. It evaluates the mechanisms and processes involved in CO2 capture, highlighting recent technological innovations and their integration with renewable energy sources to ensure sustainability. The economic and policy dimensions of these technologies are also examined, emphasizing the need for supportive regulatory frameworks and financial incentives to foster widespread adoption. Challenges related to scaling up CO2 capture and utilization are thoroughly discussed, including issues of cost, scalability, and technological barriers. The review highlights the immense energy requirements of large-scale CO2 operations and the importance of finding sustainable energy solutions to avoid counterproductive emissions. It also addresses the role of public awareness and community participation in advancing these technologies and achieving tangible climate benefits. The study concludes by highlighting recent progress in reducing costs, enhancing effectiveness, and increasing investment in carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and carbon dioxide utilization (CDU) technologies. It also identifies areas needing further research, such as cost reduction, efficient solutions, and environmental impacts. This review provides a thorough assessment of both opportunities and challenges, advancing CDR and CDU technologies toward a sustainable future.