MEMS sensors and biomechanical integration for the dynamic control of prosthetic hands: a scoping review

The miniaturization and integration of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) have progressively expanded the capabilities of advanced prosthetic hands, enabling not only the replication of human sensory and motor functions but also the implementation of sophisticated mechatronic control, precise manipulation, and adaptive responses to environmental interactions. The aim of this scoping review is to systematically map and evaluate current research on MEMS-integrated prosthetic hands, highlighting how MEMS sensors and mechanical modelling approaches contribute to dynamic control, biomechanical performance and user-centered functionality. Comparative analyses of different modelling techniques and MEMS applications indicate that MEMS-based sensing systems substantially improve the mechanical performance of prosthetic hands by enabling accurate force modulation, enhancing motion stability during dynamic tasks and supporting efficient signal acquisition for real-time control. These features lead to more precise control, smoother movements and enhanced dexterity during activities of daily living (ADL), broadening the functional capabilities of the devices. Microsurgical and neural interface aspects were also examined, including physiological considerations relevant to neural integration and common challenges related to prosthetic implantation, such as potential immunological responses to materials. The increasing role of MEMS in the development of smart, biomimetic prosthetic hands underscores new opportunities for creating highly adaptive devices, optimizing dexterity and environmental interaction and ultimately improving users’ quality of life.