Essential oils enriched Dant-Kanti-Gandush (oil-pulling) inhibits inter-kingdom biofilm formation on orthodontic fixtures and ameliorates cariogenic virulence factors of oral pathogens

Orthodontic fixtures provide conducive niche for microbial colonization and inter-kingdom biofilm formation, exacerbating oral hygiene challenges. Conventional mouthwashes, though effective, are associated with adverse effects and potential antimicrobial resistance. Oil-pulling is an Indian traditional method of oral detoxification. This study evaluates blend of six essential oils in Dant-Kanti-Gandush (referred as DKG) from Syzygium aromaticum, Mentha piperita, Eucalyptus globulus, Zanthoxylum armatum and Ocimum sanctum, mixed with coconut and sesame carrier oils, as a potential oil-pulling formulation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed phytochemical composition of DKG. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated MIC₅₀ of DKG ranging from 0.10%(v/v) to 0.45%(v/v) against Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. DKG delayed the exponential phase and perturbed the growth of these pathogens. At ≥ 1.0×MIC₅₀, DKG impaired cariogenic traits of S. mutans with reduced biofilm formation, acid production and lower survival under acidic stress. DKG inhibited biofilm formation, hyphal transition and depleted total ergosterol levels in C. albicans, thereby disrupting cell wall integrity. Scanning electron microscopy on orthodontic fixtures revealed that DKG reduced microbial density, disrupted bacterial aggregation and fragmented hyphae in cross-kingdom biofilms of S. mutans and C. albicans. These findings highlight plant-based DKG as an anticariogenic alternative for maintaining oral health in individuals with orthodontic fixtures.