A Wearable Multimodal NanoTracker for Noninvasive, Simultaneous Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Monitoring

Inter- and intrasubject physiological variability makes it essential to track the real-time interplay between therapeutic medications and the human body for precision medicine in both daily life and special contexts such as spacefaring. This creates an urgent need for noninvasive wearable sensors capable of real-time, simultaneous monitoring of individualized pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) responses. Yet, their development remains largely unexplored and technically challenging. Here, we present an integrated multimodal wearable NanoTracker (P²NanoTrek) that enables skin-on, noninvasive, real-time monitoring of multiple PK and PD biomarkers following the administration of metoprolol, a widely prescribed arrhythmia medication. In human participants, P²NanoTrek demonstrated real-time measurement of sweat metoprolol (PK biomarker) and heart rate (PD biomarker) under controlled conditions relevant to drug absorption and elimination. Furthermore, we established its potential for personalized pharmacotherapy by correlating sweat and plasma metoprolol levels and evaluating heart rate responses during a standard dosing challenge.