The State of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Simulation: A 2024 International Survey

Background The role and landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in simulation-based education have not been well described yet, and a comprehensive survey is essential to assess its current use and capabilities. This survey aimed to explore the application of AI in healthcare simulation, particularly to 1) identify primary users, 2) provide a picture of demographic trends, 3) examine the motivations driving adoption, 4) describe specific use cases, 5) analyze the diverse applications, 6) analyze the modalities or types of AI-driven simulations being implemented, and 7) investigate recruitment and training strategies for simulationists and staff. Methods This open-ended survey targeted professionals involved in healthcare simulation and was widely distributed from May 27 to June 23, 2024. Results A total of 158 respondents from 12 countries were included in the analysis. The majority of respondents (49%) reported the use of AI for healthcare simulation, 41% did not use AI, and 10% reported that they were not sure. Of the 41% (n=66) respondents not using AI, 96% of those who responded (n=47) were interested in learning more. Seventy-one percent (71.2%, n=52 of those using AI) of respondents were planning for future use of AI. The demand for workshops, certifications, and access to technical experts was evident by all respondents, highlighting the importance of developing robust training programs to equip staff with the necessary skills to leverage AI effectively. Conclusion This study gives a perspective into the rapid adaptation of AI into healthcare simulation, as well as future directions to pursue understanding and support of AI and its application in simulation-based education.