Promises and Pitfalls of Experience Sampling Methods for Understanding Developmental Processes

Developmental scientists are often interested in investigating how change processes unfold over time. In the current review, we propose that experience sampling methods (ESMs) offer a distinctive methodological approach to understanding how and under what conditions development occurs. Using examples from our own research on how race-related stress shapes adolescent and young adult development, we offer a brief history of ESMs, their theoretical underpinnings, methodological and technological considerations, unexpected developmental insights, and some guidance for future directions. We also offer insights into the unique advantages of ESMs (e.g., rich, repeated measures data) as well as some of the challenges (e.g., increased participant burden) that need to be carefully considered when researchers weigh the benefits and challenges of these approaches. We conclude the review with thoughts on what new developmental insights may be gleaned as we look ahead.