Prevalence and health risks of microplastics in bottled water and beverages: A food safety concern

Microplastics (MPs) have become a significant contaminant in the global food chain, with increasing evidence of their occurrence in bottled water and commercially packaged beverages. This review consolidates existing insights regarding the presence, polymer makeup, contamination routes, health effects, and strategies for reducing MPs in bottled water, soft drinks, teas, juices, and alcoholic beverages. Investigations indicate that concentrations fluctuate significantly, ranging from a handful to several hundred particles per litre, influenced by the type of beverage, the material of the packaging, and the method of analysis employed. The primary polymers detected include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE), primarily resulting from the degradation of bottles, bottling processes, and contaminated source water. Projected consumption levels indicate that children and regular users experience increased exposure, while findings of MPs in human tissues highlight worries regarding systemic bioaccumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. While advancements in technology like Raman spectroscopy, FTIR, and Py-GC–MS have enhanced detection capabilities, the lack of standardized methods hinders the comparability of data. Efforts to reduce impact should prioritize sustainable packaging materials, sophisticated filtration systems, regulatory standards, and consumer education to decrease exposure. This review highlights the presence of MP contamination in beverages as a significant food safety and public health concern. It emphasizes the need for standardized analytical methods, collaborative international policy efforts, and ongoing investigation into the long-term health implications for humans. ● High MP contamination in bottled beverages globally. ● Contamination levels vary by beverage type, packaging, and production region. ● Packaging degradation, water sources, and production processes contribute to MP pollution. ● Human health risks from ingestion demand urgent toxicological and exposure assessments. ● Policy reforms, advanced filtration, and sustainable packaging may reduce MP levels.