Vitamin C in Oral Lichen Planus: Pathobiological Rationale and Therapeutic Potential

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the oral mucosa associated with oxidative stress, epithelial degeneration, and persistent T-cell-driven inflammation. Despite numerous therapeutic approaches, disease control and mucosal healing remain challenging. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the biological functions of vitamin C (VitC) relevant to OLP pathogenesis and to evaluate its potential as an adjunctive therapeutic agent. A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify studies exploring the molecular mechanisms of VitC in oxidative stress modulation, epithelial integrity, and immune regulation, as well as clinical and experimental data assessing its therapeutic outcomes in OLP. VitC has various effects relevant to OLP, including scavenging of reactive oxygen species, stabilization of epithelial structures, regulation of apoptosis, and modulation of cytokine expression. Preliminary studies indicate beneficial effects on oxidative balance, inflammation, and tissue repair; however, the evidence is still limited and varies among different study designs and formulations. VitC represents a biologically plausible and safe adjunct in OLP management, acting at multiple pathobiological levels. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish optimal dosing, delivery strategies, and long-term outcomes.