Overcoming toxicity challenges in immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment of high-risk metastatic cancers

irAEs, along with lack of response, remain the major challenge in ICI therapy. These constraints are not unrelated, as more aggressive combinations result in higher response rates (at least in some tumors), but increase irAEs as well. Novel multidrug regimens with immune modulators may 'thread the needle' to optimize both response and toxicity concerns.